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Summary of the three Ls of arena construction, the arena base layer, the permanent separting layer, and the footing layer.
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The importance of using the correct type of sand.
Aisleways and barn interior flooring


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Arena Design & Construction, from the bottom up ...
The Arena Base Layer must be stabilized.  This is typically performed by various methods:
Grading & leveling the earth.
Applying a local aggregate (gravel, etc.)
Compacting the aggregate.
The "old school" method involves using composite aggregates as the base medium (also called "roadbase" or "five minus" or "quarter down" or "binder" etc.).
This is done in the hope that the highly-compacted roadbase will hold together, when:
exposed to the extreme dynamics of hoof-on-earth,
and when exposed to the irresistible forces of nature and weather, specifically
Wet Soil + Winter Freeze/Thaw Cycles
=
Water expanding into Ice + contracting into Water
=
Constant Groundsurges + Ground-heaving + Migration
This system has never worked for very long, and never will,
without additional substantial investments
into high-cost monolithic geotechnical engineering of the "base",
which becomes more like an Interstate Highway System pavement the better it is engineered.

By contrast, the correct, permanent, high-performance arena is based upon opposite principles:
design `principles which works with the laws of physics and nature,
as opposed to fighting against the geophysical laws that govern the earth.
Note in the image below that only a clean, washed angular rock is used for the base medium (as opposed to composite aggregates).
This preserves the natural drainage of the earth, resulting:
in no pooling or puddling of precipitation on the arena,
no stormwater runoff to divert or to collect + infiltrate,
no need to crown or slope the arena subbase or subgrade,
   .... and so forth
Performance Arena component 1, the arena base. Notice the base is permeable, as opposed to the old-school design which uses compacted roadbase mediums.